Textual+Quotations

__ Indirect quotations __ Many phrases that can be used to introduce information and ideas from other sources into your essay.
 * Textual Quotations **

Smith points out… Smith reports… Smith notes… Smith observes… Smith concludes… Smith recognizes… According to Smith… To quote Smith: … As Smith has indicated… Smith defines….as…. e.g. As Jones says (1980, p. 56) ‘Life is hard’
 * 1) Notice how Adamson has put all his sources into his text: look at each sentence in which a quote occurs. Notice that each sentence reads as a grammatically correct one.
 * 2) Notice once again that if the original author’s name is included in the sentence, the name is not repeated in the source reference:

But ‘Life is hard’ (Jones, 1980, p. 56) __ Direct quotations __ There are some special conventions which apply to direct quotations and you should follow them in your essays.

1. If for some reason you find it necessary to leave out part of a sentence because it is irrelevant and would make the quotation unnecessarily long, then three dots (…) are used to indicate this.

Example: // Original // ‘The most useful way of making a world survey is to identify families of languages, preferably using criteria such as those worked out by myself in 1933, showing relationships by origin and development’ (Brook, 1978, p. 98) // Quote // ‘The most useful way of making a world survey is to identify families of languages…showing relationships by origin and development’ (Brook, 1978, p. 98) 2. If you add something to a quotation to explain an abbreviation or a reference in the text, or for some other reason to make the quotation more intelligible, this addition should be enclosed in square brackets [ ].

Example: ‘All the languages of the south-west coast [of New Britain] are Non- Austronesian overlaid with a veneer of Austronesian ’ (Jones, 1981, p. 71) Source: Course pack for the Department of Commerce. Finance and Shipping. Set 3